Episode 141: Adrenal Insufficiency Basics

Episode 141: Adrenal Insufficiency BasicsFuture doctor Wilson explains how to recognize an acute adrenal insufficiency and explains how to treat it. Also, chronic adrenal insufficiency is explained. Dr. Arreaza adds comments about congenital adrenal hyperplasia.Written by Candace Wilson, MSIV, American University of the Caribbean. Comments by Hector Arreaza, MD.June 2, 2023.You are listening to Rio Bravo qWeek Podcast, your weekly dose of knowledge brought to you by the Rio Bravo Family Medicine Residency Program from Bakersfield, California, a UCLA-affiliated program sponsored by Clinica Sierra Vista, Let Us Be Your Healthcare Home. This podcast was created for educational purposes only. Visit your primary care provider for additional medical advice.Introduction: After having seen patients with adrenal insufficiency when I did a rotation in ICU, I saw how important it is to be able to recognize it quickly to ensure that patients receive appropriate treatment as quickly as possible. Arreaza: AI is adrenal insufficiency but also AI stands for Artificial intelligence, so we had the idea to ask Chat GPT what are the adrenal glands and this is what we got: “The adrenal glands are small endocrine glands located on top of each kidney. They are small in size, but they play a vital role in producing and secreting essential hormones.” (end of quote)Glucocorticoids play an important role in the mobilization of energy reserves by increasing gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, protein catabolism, lipolysis, appetite, and insulin resistance. Each adrenal gland is composed of two main parts: the outer region called the adrenal cortex and the inner region called the adrenal medulla. These two regions have distinct structures and functions.” The adrenal cortex has three zones, Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone), Zona fasciculata (cortisol), and Zona reticularis (androgens). Mineralocorticoids are a class of steroid hormones produced by the Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland that influence electrolyte and water balance through modifying renal absorption of sodium and potassium.Definition of AI: AI is “inadequate functioning of the adrenal glands”. Adrenal gland hormones: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones.Primary vs. secondary adrenal insufficiency.Candace: Primary adrenal insufficiency is caused either by the abrupt destruction of the adrenal gland or by progressive destruction/atrophy, whereas secondary adrenal insufficiency is due to conditions that impair the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis leading to decreased ACTH production. Causes of primary adrenal insufficiency includes autoimmune adrenalitis (which is the most common cause in the US); infectious adrenalitis (tuberculosis being the most common cause worldwide); adrenal hemorrhage; infiltration of the adrenal gland by tumors, amyloidosis, or hemochromatosis; adrenalectomy; cortisol synthesis inhibitors (such as rifampin, fluconazole, phenytoin, ketoconazole); 21B-hydroxylase deficiency; and vitamin B5 deficiency. Fluconazole is commonly used to treat pulmonary cocci (Valley Fever in our community). What about secondary causes?Causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency include sudden discontinuation of chronic glucocorticoid therapy; stress (such as infection, trauma, or surgery) during prolonged glucocorticoid therapy; and hypopituitarism. Clinical presentation of adrenal crisis.Adrenal insufficiency can present acutely or chronically with more insidious symptoms. We will first discuss the acutemanifestation of adrenal insufficiency, also known as adrenal crisis. In any patie